Medical scissors can be divided into the following categories:
(A)- By the use of Product:
- Surgical Scissors: For shear dressing, use of human epidermal tissue or soft tissue.
- Organizations Cut: for the use of shear organization.
- Integrated shear: for soft tissue shear.
- Fine cut: for shear blood vessels, mucous membranes or free tissue.
- Anatomical cut: for anatomy Organization.
- Suture removal scissors: for cut, demolition sutures.
- Angular bandage scissors: for surgery shear gauze bandages and plaster liner.
- Meningeal / nerve cut: for brain surgery, curettage of bone disease and necrotic tissue.
- Micro scissors: for microsurgery, fine trim vascular, nerve tissue or separation of the tissue space with.
- Ophthalmic scissors: Eye scissors, also known as ophthalmic surgical scissors, ophthalmic surgical scissors, shearing eye soft tissue with instruments. The ophthalmology cut small ice Ministry of the head end of the tip is 0.4 mm wide, sharp and not sharp, the head end of the round and 1.6 mm wide, straight for the shear surface tissue is usually the case, the elbow is used to cut deeper the soft tissue of the organization or for the separation. tip for fine cut, modified and gill opening with.
- Corneal scissors: for the use of microscopic eye surgery shear cornea and bulbar conjunctiva.
- Membranous cataract shear: shear trabecular for ophthalmic surgery, iris, capsule film tissues.
- Trabecular shear: the shear trabecular for ophthalmic surgery, iris, capsule film tissues.
- Microscopic iris scissors: for eye surgery shear trabecular iris, capsule film tissues.
- Stapes arch cut: for ear microsurgery to cut the stapes arch neck.
- The hammer bone shears: shearing cartilage for ear canal.
- Ear polyps cut: for shearing the ear polyps.
- Cut the middle ear: for shear power inside the ear canal granulation, with papillomas.
- Microscopic ear cut: for ear microsurgery shearing lesions in the mucosa, granulation with.
- Turbinate mediated shear: for shear nasal tissues.
- Nasal scissors: for the shear of the nasal mucosa and organizations residues off correcting.
- Cut Golden Delicious: for to shear dental alloy piece.
- Gums cut: for cut gums and soft tissue.
- Craftsmen plaster scissors: for dental laboratory pruning jaw care model.
- The heart shear: shear cardiovascular tissues for cardiac surgery.
- Sternum cut: for thoracic surgery when he cut the sternum.
- Rib cut: for cut ribs.
- Right angle shear: shear for biliary tract surgery, bile duct, gallbladder tissues.
- The prostate shear: for shear prostate tissues.
- The intestinal cut: cut intestinal for autopsy.
- Vascular shear: for a kidney transplant, the sidewall of shear iliac vein for blood vessels docking on the use of
- Cut the umbilical cord: clamp the uterine incision for caesarean section.
- Perineal cut: the for obstetric Cut the baby’s umbilical cord.
- The small blood vessels cut: Cut the small blood vessels and other tissues for microscopic surgery. Small blood vessels in the head form and length of points: a folding angle of 105 mm and 125 mm in two straight. Small blood vessels, cut the head is fine. The straight head of 12 mm was a ladder-like narrow, the head-end and 0.3 mm wide, pointed but not sharp, usually shear the tiny blood vessels or lymphatic tissue. Fold angle of the angular head bent 25 degrees head-end and 1.2 mm wide, usually shear the larger blood vessels or other organizations.
- Wire cutters: for cut needle or bone screws.
- Plaster scissors: for orthopedic removal of plaster with.

(B): By Department:
Surgery: Surgical Scissors, the organization cut overall cut, fine cut and anatomical cut stitches cut, angled bandage scissors
Neurosurgery: meningeal / neural scissors, micro scissors.
Ophthalmology: Eye scissors, cut cornea, impaired shear membranous, trabecular shear microscopy iris scissors.
ENT: The arch of the stapes scissors, hammer bone cut, ear polyps shear, middle ear cut, micro cut ear, turbinate mediated scissors, nasal scissors
Dentistry: Golden Delicious scissors, gum scissors, scissors mechanic gypsum
Thoracic Surgery: heart scissors, cut the sternum, ribs cut
Abdominal Surgery: the right angle shear
Urinary Anorectal Surgery: prostate scissors, intestinal shear, vascular shear
Obstetrics and Gynecology: the umbilical cord cut, perineal cut
Plastic Surgery: vascular shear
Orthopedics: wire scissors, plaster shears

(C): By Material:
Stainless Steel: surgical scissors, overall cut, fine cut and anatomical cut stitches cut, angled bandage scissors, the meningeal / neural scissors, micro scissors, ophthalmic scissors, corneal cut, membranous , trabecular shear cataract scissors, microsurgery iris scissors, stapes arch scissors, hammer bone shears, ear polyps scissors, middle ear cut, micro cut ear, turbinate mediated scissors, nasal scissors, cut Golden Delicious, gum scissors, gypsum craftsmen cut, heart cut, cut the sternum, ribs, cut, cut at right angles to cut prostate, intestinal shear, vascular scissors, cut the umbilical cord, cut the perineum, the small blood vessels cut, cut wire, plaster scissors
Plating: surgical scissors.
Titanium Alloys: micro scissors.

According to Department of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology, the shape of the blade is divided into circular knives, machetes, the ball head knife and a triangular knife shank according to the length and size of type, its end engraved with numbers, a tool holder can be installed several different types of blades, commonly used on the 4th shank. Blade is preferable to held clamping pin tongs (or forceps) installation, to avoid cut your fingers.

Scalpel is generally used to cut and peel the organization at the same time with the scalpel of hemostatic function for the liver and spleen, Visceral, or the surgical wound to be repeated stopped the bleeding and surgery (such as breast radical mastectomy), such as various electric knife, laser knife, microwave knife, plasma scalpel and high pressure water jet cutting tools and more need a complete set of equipment and professionals to operate. In addition there is a one-time use of the scalpel handle. Easy to operate and prevent nosocomial infection.

Blade loading and unloading of the right to wield the following four:

1) Bow-type: is commonly used to wield the law and thumb under the knife handle, index and middle fingers in the handle, the wrist force for a long skin incision and the rectus sheath incision. Figure the right to wield.

2) Write-style: the main force of the movement in the finger, the fine change of the short distance for the anatomy of blood vessels, nerves, peritoneum incision, and a short incision, etc. Figure the right to wield the method three.

3) Grasping type: grip a knife stable cutting a wide range used to force a larger incision such as amputations, tendon cut, a long skin incision. Figure the right to wield the method.

4) Anti-pick type: thanks to the fingertip force to pick open, used for the abscess to prevent damage to deep tissue.

Classifications and usage of different Forceps:

A. Curved Forceps (Kelly, Clamp, large, med., small): for gripping deep tissue or visceral vascular hemorrhage, the length of two kinds.

B. The straight forceps (Straight Clamp): used for gripping the shallow tissue hemorrhage, and assist the pin was removed with.

C. Toothed Forceps (with spur clamp (kocher’s Clamp, large, med. teeth straight clamp) (kocher’s spur clamp small): used for gripping the the thicker organization and slippery vascular hemorrhage within the organization, such as small) mesentery, omentum , front teeth to prevent slippage, but not for the subcutaneous hemostasis.

D. The mosquito forceps (the Mosquito C1amp): small and delicate forceps, straight, curved (straight, curved) two for organ facial and plastic surgery to stop bleeding, and should not do the bulk organization clamp with forceps use basically the same as surgical scissors, but when you release the thumb and index finger forceps take hold of a ring mouth, blocking the middle and ring fingers of the other collar, thumb and ring finger to gently force the can on top.

Scalpel

Surgical Scissor: According to its structural features are sharp, blunt, straight, curved, The long and short various types. According to the organization cut its use is divided into lines cut and stitches cut. Organizations cut for curved scissors, sharp and fine for anatomy, cut or separation cut tissue. Usually shallow operative to direct shear, deep surgical operation with curved scissors.

Forceps: The forceps is mainly used to clamp blood vessels or bleeding points, also known as the hemostat. Forceps The main difference in the structure of the alveolar bed, due to the need of surgical procedures, the alveolar bed is divided into straight, curved, angled, curved (such as the renal pedicle clamp). Forceps for vascular surgery, the alveolar tooth smaller, lighter, better flexibility, press on the organization and its effects on blood vessel walls, intimal injury were mild, said no damage forceps.

Clamp: The front-end smooth, easy to insert the fascia and difficult to pierce the vein, but also for the separation of anatomic tissues. Also be used for traction sutures, pull out the stitches, or on behalf of tweezers to use, but should not be gripping the skin, organs and more delicate tissues. Used to stop bleeding cutting edge should be perpendicular to the organization, grip the ends of the bleeding vessel, minimize the folder nearby tissue.

A. Curved forceps: used to clamp deep tissue or visceral vascular hemorrhage, the length of two kinds.
B. Straight forceps: used for gripping the shallow tissue hemorrhage, and assist needle injection use.
C. Tooth forceps: for clamping thick organizations and slippery vascular hemorrhage within the organization, such as the mesentery, omentum, front teeth prevent slippage, but not for the subcutaneous hemostasis.
D. Mosquito forceps: a small and delicate forceps, straight, bend two kinds of organs, facial and plastic surgery to stop bleeding, and not to do large organization clamp.

Surgical Tweezers: Toothed forceps: also known as tissue forceps, tweezers tip of toothed gear is divided into coarse teeth, fine teeth, and coarse toothed forceps for holding the hard tissue injury, fine toothed forceps for fine surgery. such as suture, plastic surgery. The tip of the hook teeth, gripping firmly, but with some damage to the organization.

Non-toothed forceps: also known as flat tweezers dressing forceps. Its cutting-edge hook teeth for gripping the fragile tissue, organ, and dressings. Shallow with short forceps operation, deep operation with long tweezers, pointed flat tweezers less damage to the organization for vascular, neurological surgery. Correctly held that the tweezers is the right index finger and middle finger with the thumb, executive two tweezers feet, the upper.

Needle Holders, tow hooks class:
1. Skin retractor: rake retractor for the shallow skin surgery opened.
2. Thyroid retractor, flat hook, traction exposed thyroid site, also commonly used in abdominal surgery for abdominal wall incision, the skin, muscle stretch.
3. Retractor of the appendix: also hook retractor for appendectomy, hernia surgery for abdominal wall traction.
4. Abdominal flat-head retractor): lenient smooth hook, used for abdominal surgery.
5 S-shaped retractor: a, such as “S”-shaped abdominal deep retractors. The use retractors to yarn pad retractor and organization are separated, the tension should be uniform, should not be a sudden force or excessive force, so as not to damage the organization, the right to hold retractors, palm up.
6. Automatic retractor:, abdominal, pelvic, thoracic surgery can be applied to their own fixed pull open. To attract for absorption In addition to the surgical field bleeding, oozing contents in the material, pus, and hollow organs, the surgical field clear, to reduce pollution opportunities.

To attract the head structure and appearance of many single tube and casing type, the rear rubber hose connected to attract bottle stand. Single tube to attract the head for smoking in addition to the surgical field of blood and chest and abdomen of liquid. The head casing to attract mainly used for liquid suction within the abdominal cavity, the external casing with multiple side holes and air intake, you can avoid the greater omentum, bowel wall suck, clogging attract head.

What are Surgical Forceps?
These are instruments along with two pincers and handle for grasping. Functionally surgical forceps utilize to apply the pressure.

Forceps Materials
Surgical forceps are made by high grade stainless steel, titanium and carbon steel. Titanium surgical forceps which called very light in weight but very strong. There are low quality steel used to make surgical forceps but not for medical applications, as well as some are disposable surgical forceps made by plastic, once used then discarded.

Uses and Importance of Surgical Forceps
Forceps are used for variety of purposes such as follows:
- To grip tissue, blood vessels and walls of organs.
- Surgical forceps can manipulate delicate tissues with very less trauma in the affected area.
- To grasp suture needles without causing damage.
- They are resistant to damage when used to remove a suture needle.
- Forceps assist in the delivery of a baby etc.

Types of Forceps
Two are the main types of Forceps, mentioned below:

Locking forceps: These types of forceps are position in the middle and used to lock the grasping surfaces in a closed position to help in operation or hold the object.
Non-locking forceps: Also called thumb forceps, or pickups and available in two forms, hinged at one end, away from the grasping end and hinged in the middle.

Ear Punches and Tags
Ear punches are available in 2 diameters – 1mm and 2 mm. Pre-numbered, sequential ear tags for small animal tracking. Stainless steel applicator available.

Electrosurgery – Surgical Instruments
Electrosurgery uses alternating current to achieve cutting and coagulation. The patient becomes part of the electrical circuit and current enters their body. Cautery uses direct current to coagulate. A heated wire or electrode comes in contact with tissue. Vary the voltage of the current and the pattern of electric pulses to achieve your desired cauterizing effect.

- Cutting – Use lower voltage with a continuous AC current to produce heat rapidly and completely vaporize the tissue at the tip of the probe.
- Coagulation – Use higher voltage in a pulsed manner to produce heat more slowly. With this method, tissue damage is more widspread (a few mm from the probe) and blood coagulates.

Hemostats – Surgical Instruments
Hemostats are used to stop the flow of blood. They have ring handles and a locking mechanism known as a ratchet. The ratchet secures the device and stops blood flow.

Forceps – Surgical Instruments
Forceps are used to grasp, move, or extract tissue and other objects. They are shaped like tweezers and their tips can have a variety of teeth or serrations. Tissue forceps contain teeth in patterns such as 1 x 2 (also known at rat tooth) to longitudinal 9 x 9 teeth (as in the Adson-Brown). Dressing forceps have either smooth or serrated jaws.

Needle Holders, Needles – Surgical Tools
Needleholders are available in a variety of styles including micro, standard, and cutting. In general, choose a small, micro needleholder for the small surgical needles. The needleholder should grasp the needle firmly and not move when driven through the tissue.

Knives – Surgical Tools
Choose from standard stainless steel scalpel blades, microsurgical blades, or sapphire blades

Hooks – Surgical Tools
Small sharp and blunt hooks and spatulas are useful in lifting or moving tissue during surgical or dissecting procedures.

Instrument Care – Surgical Tools
Caring for and maninting your instruments properly will ensure longevity and optimum performance. Clean with the proper solutions and store in protective cases.

Kits – Surgical Tools
Save time and money by choosing from a selection of pre-assembled instrument kits useful in many procedures. These kits contain the most popular instruments and are offered at a lower price than if ordered individually.

Micro Drill – Surgical Tools
This micro drill system comes complete and ready to use for a variety of cutting, grinding, and drilling procedures. Carbide ball mills, abrading tips, mandrels, and disks are all included.

Miscellaneous – Surgical Instruments
Accessory items for your surgical or dissecting lab including a surgical table, binocular loupes, bone wax, applicator spears, and more.
Ronguers and Punches
Rongeurs and punches can be used to obtain samples of bone and tissue. All rongeurs and punches have a sharp, cutting edge

Probes – Surgical Instruments
Our micro tungsten probes are useful for separating cells and other fine work.

Retractors – Surgical Instruments
Retractors open up the surgical site for eaiser viewing and working. A variety of sizes and opennings are available to accommodate the wide range of potential procedures.

Scissors – Surgical Instruments
An essential tool in surgical and dissecting procedures, scissors are available in a wide variety of styles, sizes, and materials. Choosing the correct scissor for your procedure will result in a much better outcome and improved easy of use.

Surgical Equipments:
Medical grade syringe pumps, monitoring devices and drills for surgeries can be found here.

Vessel Clips
Vessel clips are applied to vessels in order to occlude blood flow. They can be reused.

Wound Closure
Skin staples, appliers, and removers are available for wound closure.

Surgical Tools Accessories
Accessories for Surgical Tools, including binocular loupes, guillotines and miscellaneous tools. For information on choosing the right set of loupes, see the Surgical Loupes article.

- The world market for Surgical Instruments is over US $ 30 (B).
- Pakistan’s exports currently stands at US$225 Million (2009-10).
- The total Capital Investment in the Surgical Industry is estimated at Pak Rs.20 Billion.
- There are about 1000 to 1200 active small and medium Surgical Units with labor force ranging from (10-500).
- The number of workers in the Surgical Industry is about 5,00000.
- The industry manufactures about 110 Million instruments annually.
- We are manufacturing two types of Surgical Instruments:
a) Disposable instruments, which constitutes 80% of our exports.
b) Reusable instruments, which is 19% of our exports.
c) Advanced Devices, which is 1% of our exports.

Following Countries are the Top Ten buyers of our instruments(FY2009-10):

History – Surgical Instruments:

The industry of surgical instruments or tools are developed in 1940s in the area of Sialkot, this sector produce a wide range of surgical, medical and veterinary instruments and exports around 85% to 90% of its total production, with the time being Pakistan has learned the new technology and driven with more advance techniques and manufacturing the highest/best quality of surgical equipments which exporting to over 145 countries of the world.

Quick View of Surgical Instruments Industry:

Variety of Instruments being manufactured:

Instruments Industry of Pakistan manufacturing the best quality instruments for medical and surgical purpose by performing the specialized work, producing the instruments according to international standards or specifications and fulfilling each country requirements like American, British and German etc.

The development countries of USA and Europe are the major buyers of Pakistani surgical instruments or tools. Following are the wide ranges of medical/surgical area, the instruments are being manufactured:

- Anesthesia
- Vaccination Instruments
- General Instruments
- Suture
- Diagnostic Instruments
- Plaster Instruments
- Oral Instruments
- Bone Surgery
- Neurology Instruments
- Lung Surgery Instruments
- Dermatology
- Rhino logy Instruments
- Ophthalmology
- Otology
- Tonsil Instruments
- Sterilization
- Urology Instruments
- Gynecology Instruments
- Obstetrics
- Tracheotomy
- Cardiovascular
- Intestinal & Stomach Rectum Instruments

Manufacturing Standards:

To meet the international requirements, surgical instruments manufacturers must follow the international manufacturing standards in compliance with WHO standards. Therefore more than three hundreds (300) companies have ISO-9002 certifications similar as around 250 companies are having certification of Good Manufacturing Practices.

Sialkot Material Testing Laboratory (SIMTEL):

In the year of 2000, there is a material testing laboratory was build in Sialkot, named Sialkot Material Testing Laboratory assisted by UNIDO, containing three Laboratories:

- Spectro Lab
- Metallographic Lab
- Chemical Testing Lab

Below are the classifications of different Surgical Instruments:
- Ultrasound tissue disruptors, cryotomes and cutting laser guides
- Measurement devices, such as rulers and calipers
- Retractors, used to spread open skin, ribs and other tissue
- Irrigation and injection needles, tips and tubes, for introducing fluid
- Powered devices, such as drills, dermatomes
- Scopes and probes, including fiber optic endoscopes and tactile probes
- Mechanical cutters (scalpels, lancets, drill bits, rasps, trocars, Ligasure, etc.)
- Dilators and specula, for access to narrow passages or incisions
- Graspers, such as forceps
- Suction tips and tubes, for removal of bodily fluids
- Sealing devices, such as surgical staplers
- Carriers and appliers for optical, electronic and mechanical devices

These surgical tools provide the ease to the surgeons and help them to make a surgery successful and before designing these instruments there are so much thoughts get together to design them smartly which ultimately help the surgeons to utilize these tools with ease and successful.